When the Bees Buzzed Off!

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When the Bees Buzzed Off!

When the Bees Buzzed Off!

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Cardinal S, Buchmann SL, Russell AL. 2018. The evolution of floral sonication, a pollen foraging behavior used by bees (Anthophila). Evolution 72, 590–600. [ PMC free article] [ PubMed] [ Google Scholar] Eat Before You Drink – Alcohol affects your body more harshly if you drink on an empty stomach. Eating food helps slow down the absorption rate of alcohol, keeping its effects at bay. the clever and appealing lift-the-flaps story gently encourages children to get interested in conservation and the idea of protecting our natural world. -- Lancashire Evening Post Buchmann SL, Hurley JP. 1978. A biophysical model for buzz pollination in angiosperms. Journal of Theoretical Biology 72, 639–657. [ PubMed] [ Google Scholar]

Inouye DW, Larson BM, Ssymank A, Kevan PG. 2015. Flies and flowers III: ecology of foraging and pollination. Journal of Pollination Ecology 16, 115–133. [ Google Scholar] Seeley TD, Tautz J. 2001. Worker piping in honey bee swarms and its role in preparing for liftoff. Journal of Comparative Physiology A 187, 667–676. [ PubMed] [ Google Scholar]A non-mutually exclusive possibility for control of thoracic oscillations is that the muscle contractions of the thorax during non-flight vibrations occur at a frequency higher than the natural frequency of the system (i.e. they are driven oscillations), with the concomitant increase in energy required to maintain these forced oscillations ( King et al., 1996; Dudley, 2000; King and Buchmann, 2003; Hrncir et al., 2008a). This hypothesis is considered unlikely to be a main driver of vibration frequency due to the indirect action of power flight muscles ( Machin and Pringle, 1959) as well as to the steep increase in energetic requirements to drive the system above its natural frequency ( Dudley, 2000). In a study of Melipona seminigra, Hrncir et al. (2008a) explored the hypothesis that non-flight vibrations are produced above thorax resonance (i.e. that they are driven oscillations). It is expected that during driven oscillations, the bee’s thorax should vibrate at the frequency of the rate of muscle contraction, but that the vibration rate should immediately decay to the natural frequency as soon as the driving force stops ( Bennet-Clark, 1999; Hrncir et al., 2008a). In contrast, a system vibrating at its natural frequency should not change in frequency during the build-up and decay phases ( Hrncir et al., 2008a). By studying changes in frequency during the build-up and decay periods of three types of vibrations (stationary flight, annoyance buzzes, and forager communication vibrations), Hrncir et al. (2008a) determined that while flight vibrations occur at the natural frequency, non-flight vibrations do not. They conclude that resonance does not play a major role in non-flight vibrations. Interestingly, wing removal and experimental mass loading in M. seminigra increase the dominant frequency of flight wingbeats, supporting the resonance hypothesis. In contrast, the effects of wing clipping, and mass loading do not change the frequency of non-flight vibrations ( Hrncir et al., 2008a). However, mass loading reduces the amplitude of non-flight vibrations, which the authors explain as a consequence of constant force during non-flight vibrations. Based on these observations, Hrncir and colleagues suggest that the higher main frequency of non-flight vibrations is controlled by increasing the rate of neuron excitation of the indirect flight muscles, rather than changes to the natural frequency of the thorax alone. Dudley R, Ellington C. 1990. Mechanics of forward flight in bumblebees: I. Kinematics and morphology. Journal of Experimental Biology 148, 19–52. [ Google Scholar]

If you’re having a few drinks, be sure to select quality over quantity. It’s better to have a few drinks and be in control rather than overcrowding the system with too much alcohol and having to face the hangover consequences. 8. Unforgettable Tips for Achieving a Bee-Free Haven Chittka L, Thomson JD. 2001. Cognitive ecology of pollination: animal behaviour and floral evolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. [ Google Scholar] R Core Team . 2021. R: a language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing. [ Google Scholar]Burkart A, Lunau K, Schlindwein C. 2011. Comparative bioacoustical studies on flight and buzzing of neotropical bees. Journal of Pollination Ecology 6, 118–224. [ Google Scholar] Chrysanthemum – Not just for show, this festive fall flower is great for keeping aphids, Japanese beetles, squash bugs, and thrips at bay. Potts R, Clarke RM, Oldfield SE, Wood LK, Hempel de Ibarra N, Cresswell JE. 2018. The effect of dietary neonicotinoid pesticides on non-flight thermogenesis in worker bumble bees ( Bombus terrestris). Journal of Insect Physiology 104, 33–39. [ PubMed] [ Google Scholar] Lavender – Not only will its heady aroma infuse your outdoor space with a pleasant scent; it’s also known to ward off peas weevils, cabbage moths, bean beetles and squash pests.

King MJ, Buchmann SL. 1995. Bumble bee-initiated vibration release mechanism of Rhododendron pollen. American Journal of Botany 82, 1407–1411. [ Google Scholar] Josephson RK, Malamud JG, Stokes DR. 2000. Asynchronous muscle: a primer. Journal of Experimental Biology 203, 2713–2722. [ PubMed] [ Google Scholar] Timerman D, Barrett SCH. 2018. Divergent selection on the biomechanical properties of stamens under wind and insect pollination. Proceedings of the Royal Soeciety B: Biological Sciences 285, 20182251. [ PMC free article] [ PubMed] [ Google Scholar] De Luca PA, Bussière LF, Souto-Vilaros D, Goulson D, Mason AC, Vallejo-Marín M. 2013. Variability in bumblebee pollination buzzes affects the quantity of pollen released from flowers. Oecologia 172, 805–816. [ PubMed] [ Google Scholar]Bennet-Clark HC. 1999. Resonators in insect sound production: how insects produce loud pure-tone songs. Journal of Experimental Biology 202, 3347–3357. [ PubMed] [ Google Scholar] Corbet S, Chapman H, Saville N. 1988. Vibratory pollen collection and flower form: bumble-bees on Actinidia, Symphytum, Borago and Polygonatum. Functional Ecology 2, 147–155. [ Google Scholar] Whitney HM, Federle W. 2013. Biomechanics of plant–insect interactions. Current Opinion in Plant Biology 16, 105–111. [ PubMed] [ Google Scholar]



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